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Enable dial-backup and set dial-backup pointer at location n Set default dial pointer at phone directory location n. If error control negotiation fails, disconnect the call hang up. Deny remote configuration Default. Notes: 1. In security type 1, the remote site must be a ZyXEL modem. Modem can store 10 sets of telephone numbers.
If call back security is disabled, modem will search the password table to check the remote modem's password. If they match, modem will keep the connection, otherwise modem will hangup. If call back security is enabled, modem will complete password checking. If no match, modem will disconnect the line, otherwise modem will disconnect the line, find the corresponding phone number and call back immediately.
Remote modem should be set to auto answer the call and response. Any character can be entered in the password Maximum password length is eight. Dumb mode. Panel key locked. Leased line auto-handshake on answer mode. Range from dBm to dBm if S35 bit 3 is set. Retrain action taken if signal quality is poor.
Adaptive rate; auto fall-back or fall-forward Default. Disconnect for poor signal quality. These techniques are explained below. If the interface is synchronous, then the hosts on both sides will do the error control function. Modem converts asynchronous characters to synchronous data stream. Error control protocol LAPM or MNP4 removes the start and stop 'framing' bits in the asynchronous format and forms the data stream into blocks.
Every block is framed by a start flag and an end flag The maximum data block size used in the U series is bytes. The maximum number of outstanding blocks without acknowledgements is 31 for byte blocks. These values are adjustable according to the modem on the other side. The receiving modem receives the block, calculates its own CRC through the same polynomial function, then compares the number. If it is the same as the received CRC, everything is alright.
If not, an error s has occurred somewhere in the block. The modem checks every block received for error s. Automatic Re-transmission Request ARQ Error Correction Once a data block is received error free, the receiving modem will acknowledge this block immediately.
The sending modem receives the acknowledgement and will check if any block s is are not acknowledged. Let us assume 18 blocks were transferred and the first 14 blocks were acknowledged.
If no acknowledge for block 15 is received in a given time, this block must have been damaged. Acknowledgments of blocks 16 through 18 are ignored. Blocks 15 through 18 are resent. Using this feature, the mode only resends the data block s in error, not all the data blocks starting from the one in error just block 15 in above example.
This saves retransmission time, greatly improving efficiency in high error rate conditions. The process of representing original data in less bits is called redundancy removing. Its effectiveness is both algorithm and data dependent. A random data file is not compressible.
A data file with a high degree of predictability, like an ASCII English text file, graphic file, or database file, is suitable for data compression.
In the modem, the data compression is activated between asynchronous to synchronous conversion in an attempt to reduce the number of bits actually sent. The receiving modem applies these techniques in reverse to recover the actual data from the compressed data stream. U series modems support both V. Data compression needs an error-free data link work correctly, otherwise the corrupted compressed data stream will ruin the decompression process.
MNP5 data compression utilizes the run-length encoding and adaptive frequency encoding techniques. The compression efficiency of V. Run-length Encoding Run-length encoding is applied in an attempt to avoid sending long sequences of repeated characters data.
When three or more repeated characters appear in succession, only the first three tokens representing the compressed format of that character and a repetition count will be sent. Adaptive Frequency Encoding Adaptive frequency encoding is applied after removing repeated characters data. In adaptive frequency encoding, a token is substituted in the data stream for the actually occurring character in an attempt to send fewer than 8 bits for each character.
The token is generated from a dynamic tabulation of character appearing frequency. Total number of available tokens is , of which only the first 32 tokens are smaller than 8 bits, so random data will take no advantage from this technique.
String Coding Instead of sending each data character individually, a token for a character string is sent. The modem adaptively builds a dictionary of string tokens according to data that appears.
U series modems support a dictionary size up to 2K string tokens. The input data characters are combined and checked for a matching string in the dictionary. The token is sent for the longest matched string. Compressibility is high if there are some regularities of character pattern in the data. For the U series of modems, the error control and data compression option can be enabled from the front panel or terminal.
For some applications, like BBSs, where transmission of already compressed files is usual, the MNP5 data compression process actually produces more redundant data and slows down transmission. Setting S38 bit 5 will disable MNP5 protocol negotiation regardless of error control setting. Bidirectional compression Processing data compression consumes a lot of the modem controller CPU's computation power.
Though data compression protocols of V. ZyXEL U series modems use the powerful processor that do not slow down during bidirectional file transfers. The DTE speed will be independent from the speed the modem is linked to. The DTE speed options range from bps to bps.
What DTE speed is optimized for your application depends on how fast your computer and communication software can process the serial port data. U series modems use some controls and commands to make the modem optimize its performance.
Even though most software programs offer protocols with error correction capability, it will still take time to recover the errors. The U averages the throughput before sending characters to DTE. This will decrease the probability of the computer to lose characters due to 'burst' high-speed character strings. Since new computers are much faster and there is an increasing use of serial port chips with internal buffers like the A UART, the computer's speed is less of a problem now.
The default setting for throughput averaging is disabled. This will reduce data delay and increase throughput in Unix applications. You can enable throughput averaging by setting S42 bit 1 to 1. The communication software can do a hardware flow control during disk data transfer to prevent this. On some computers, a change of resolution or of the number of colors may result in higher speeds, because less time is used to transfer data to the video buffer.
Choice of an efficient assembly coded communication software is also very important. When using communication software, use a simple protocol without error control modem has done this job such as YModem-G and ZModem. Software with complicated protocol handling will slow down its speed in handling serial data.
Flow control is necessary so that a device computer or modem does not receive more data than it can handle. The U series modems provide two kinds of flow control methods.
When the modem's transmit buffer is almost full, the modem will drop CTS to signal DTE that it cannot take any more data. At the computer software side, when the receive buffer of the software is almost full, it will drop RTS to signal the modem to stop sending data to DTE. In asynchronous fullduplex applications, the U always responds to the RTS signal as a flow control signal. The U defaults automatically to this hardware flow control setting and it is a better choice. These can be changed by modifying S-Registers 31 and Modems will not send these characters received from the local DTE to the remote modem.
Use the U as a synchronous modem when it is connected to a synchronous computer or terminal. Be sure that the remote modem and system are also set to synchronous. Synchronous operation applies to all the non-FSK modes that the modem is supplied with. The U, UE, UP, and UR stand alone, portable, and rack mountable models support synchronous mode operation, but the UB has a built-in PC asynchronous serial port and can only be used in asynchronous mode.
Before you start to send and receive data synchronously, some initial settings should be made. This timing clock is used to transmit data from the DTE to modem and the modem modulates the data according to this clock. The receiving modem recovers the clock and data from the carrier and sends the data to the receiving DTE along with the clock.
Generally, there are three types of transmitting synchronous clock sources you can choose from. Internal clock is the one that suits most applications and is the default. Here, the clock signal is generated by the sending modem.
Slave clock is used when in remote digital loopback mode. External clock is a signal which is generated by the sendeing DTE. Adaptive rate can be used. Must use autoretrain, cannot use adaptive rate. This setting is ignored in asynchronous mode where RTS is used as a hardware flow control signal. The delay is set in S26 register. Half-Duplex Operation For a half-duplex modem, the carrier only exists in one direction at any specific time.
For a full-duplex modem, carriers are always present in both directions. In order for it to simulate a half-duplex modem, V. Set S You can always use panel operation to control and configure the modem and use manual dial and answer to operate the modem.
After the modem is connected, the modem will enter synchronous operation. The modem will dial the default stored number. The modem will go into synchronous operation after connection. Just as in the asynchronous setup, set S-Register S0 equal the number of rings to auto-answer.
The active setting is factory default, which is asynchronous. If modem is in V. It can be dedicated copper wires or a leased telephone circuit from the telephone company. The U and UR support 4-wire and 2-wire leased lines. Attenuation in the frequency band - Hz is smaller than from Hz to Hz. Special M The same attenuation is used for the whole band width.
UE and UB have only a phone jack for dial-up line connection. You can only connect to the 2-wire leased line on the same jack. It includes a separate leased line jack. You can set the U for leased line operation by typing commands from the terminal or by selecting it from the front panel. Leased line phone jack pin assignments are shown in Appendix B. The UR has both dial-up and leased line terminal connectors at the rear panel of the rack it is housed in.
For UE, UP, and UB, only 2-wire leased lines can be used and the same phone jack is used for both dial-up and leased line connections. Dial backup feature is not available in this case. Adjustable range is 0 to dBm. If bit 3 of S35 is set, this range will change to to dBm. The answering modem can answer the call after a specified number of rings, or be commanded to answer the call immediately. In a leased line connection, the communication circuit between two modems is always connected.
Dialing and waiting for rings do not happen in this situation. If these two modems want to establish a data link, one must be designated the originator and the other the answerer. You can set this manually or automatically. How to designate a profile to be a power-up profile is described in Chapter 6: Profiles.
Please remember to set the handshake mode before you save the configuration. Be sure that one modem is set to originate mode and the other to answer mode. Choose a suitable modem link mode. If the signal to noise ratio of your leased line is guaranteed above 25 dB, V. Retry to connect on the leased line indefinitely if dial back-up option is disabled. If dial backup is enabled, the originating modem attempts to dial a pre-stored telephone number to backup the connection; the answering modem will retry to connect on the leased line and monitor the dial-up line for rings.
Only U and UR have the dial backup function and capability. The originate mode modem will automatically dial the number stored in the memory address selected. The answer mode modem will monitor the dial-up line for rings. The originating modem will try to dial the number up to nine times or until a 3-minute timer timeout happens.
If the dial backup attempt fails, the originating modem will go back to try the leased line connection. If this fails, it will try the dial-up line again. It will try these two alternatives indefinitely. If the dial backup attempt succeeds, the value of SRegister S34 determines the interval of dial backup connection before going back to check the leased line.
If the leased line has still not recovered, the modem will continue to use the dial backup line. A semi-auto dial backup is selected if S Only when the panel confirmation is pressed will the modem start the dial backup. This saves unnecessary dial backup connection when the line is not in use, e.
If dial backup is enabled, backup action will be taken. Either manually on-line or, if you have set the leased line as the power-on default, turning the power OFF and ON will make the modem go to the leased line again.
When enabled, an unauthorized user cannot dial in and make a connection. Two types of security functions are provided. Type 1 security is used when the remote modem is also a U series modem; type 2 security function is used when the remote modem is any other brand modem. In the type 1 connection, the dial-in remote modem will send in its supervisory password for checking at the initial connection handshaking, and the local modem will check this password against its pre-stored acceptable password list.
In a type 2 connection, the remote terminal will be prompted to enter the password at the initial connection and the local modem will do the password checking. Two levels of security are provided. In level 1 security, the local modem will maintain the connection if the password checking is OK, otherwise the line is disconnected. In level 2 security, if the password is found in local modem's pre-stored acceptable list, it will disconnect the line, dial back at the phone number corresponding to the dial-in password.
The line is simply disconnected if the password does not match. There can be 10 user passwords, the corresponding 10 dial back numbers are common to the modem's 10 stored phone numbers. Any character can be used in the password, the maximum password length is 8 characters. Security function is only accessible through AT command in terminal mode. Any access attempt will be prompted to enter the supervisory password, the attempt will be rejected if the entered password is not correct.
The default supervisory password is "ZyXEL" when modem is shipped out from the factory. This supervisory password is also the password sent for automatic password checking in type 1 connection. You will be prompted to enter supervisory password first and then be prompted to enter the nth user password. Again, you will be prompted to enter supervisory password first.
For type 2 security, the remote site will be prompted to enter the user password. A maximum of 3 tries in 40 seconds is allowed. If a correct password is not entered within this time limit the line will be disconnected. If the remote site is to enter the call back number it will be prompted to do so. Remote configuration is provided at a profile to profile batch mode.
The line connection does not need to be always maintained during remote configuration modification. When on line, the remote modem's configuration or one of its profiles can be read into one of local modem's user profiles. This profile can be modified locally and the line can be disconnected during this time. Local profile modification is done by loading this profile as active settings and then modifying and saving the active settings back to the profile.
Make the modems on-line again, the local modem can download write its profile to the remote modem's profile and have the remote modem reset from the new profile. It does not matter what speed and what mode the connection is. The remote modem is set to grant remote configuration by setting S36 bit 0 to 1. For the local modem, set S36 bit 1 to 1 for read operation or 0 for write operation. Set S37 bit to the remote profile number and bit to the local profile number.
Batch mode remote configuration is convenient when you can preconfigure the remote modem in one of the local modem's user profiles and you can configure the remote modem in one action. It is particularly useful when there are many remote modems and a set of standard configurations is available so you can store them into user profiles. You just need to configure the remote modem into one of the standard configurations by activating the remote configuration once.
Check your phone company for availability. You must subscribe to it and usually pay an additional monthly service charge to have this service. With CND service, the phone company central office will send the coded caller information to the called station.
This information is sent once between the first and second ring. There are two kinds of caller information message formats sent by the phone company. One is the single message format which includes date, time, and caller ID; the other is the multiple message format which also includes the caller name as registered with the phone company. S-Register S40 bit 2 is used to enable 1 or disable 0 the caller ID detection function.
The default is disable. Enable it only when you have this service and want to enable its detection. Note that the caller ID message may confuse some communication software not expecting it. The DTE software is responsible in explaining the data.
With this service, you can have several phone numbers assigned to the same phone line. The phone company will send a different type of ring signal for each phone number being called. The subscriber can distinguish which number is called by distinguishing which type of ring is received.
A simple use of this feature is that you can have three numbers on the same line and you can list the three numbers for voice, data, and fax, respectively.
You can then have your fax machine answer only the ring corresponding to the fax number and have your modem answer only the ring corresponding to the data number. The voice call will not be answered by either fax machine or data modem and it will only be answered when someone picks up the phone.
Or you can have the answering machine answer only the voice ring. A more complicated use is that you can have one number for more uses, e.
Ring signal is a repeated on and off of ring. The U series modems can distinguish up to four types of ring signals and can be commanded to answer or not answer to any one of these four types of ring signals. Following is a list of these four types of ring signals.
These are the ring types used in the USA. The difference between the ring types is on the 2-second ON part of the ring signal. It comprises a long, double short, or triple short ring.
Type 1: 1. Type 2: 0. Type 3: 0. Type 4: 0. S-Register S40 bit are used for distinctive ring control. Each bit controls the answering of a particular ring type. Note that the ring may still be heard and a ring message sent to the terminal even if it is not counted as an accepted ring by the modem.
Use this default if you do not have distinctive ring service. If more than one type of Distinctive Ring is turned on, RING n will be reported for an incoming ring signal where n is the ring type number. Other countries may have different specifications for different types of ring. The manufacturer may append other sets of ring type specifications to suit other countries' needs.
It supports both asynchronous and synchronous dialing. People use AT command dialing in most asynchronous cases because it is widely used and supports many more functions than dialing.
However, AT command only supports asynchronous dialing and V. Synchronous V. It is supported by the communication software on the computer. The U series modems supports both asynchronous and synchronous V. However, the internal card supports only asynchronous mode because it is asynchronous only with its built-it asynchronous serial port.
Appendix C lists the supported V. For synchronous applications, normally the modem is permanently used for one application.
You can enter this RST command in either synchronous or asynchronous V. It is portable in size and capable of using the DC12V car battery power. A power cable to plug into the cigarette lighter is provided with the modem. This chapter explains cellular mode usage and gives background information on cellular data communications.
The cellular phone system got its name by dividing its covered area into many small cells. Each cell has a cell site radio station maintaining a radio link with every talking cellular phone in the cell.
If a cellular phone moves out of one cell's boundary and goes into another cell, it will be instructed to switch its radio link to the new cell using a new frequency channel. This is called a hand-off. By limiting the radio transmitting power in each cell's radio communication, it will not interfere with a distant cell's radio communication using the same frequency. Frequency reuse is the principle of cellular phone systems to increase the number of radio channels available. A normal modem will respond with retrain which takes about 10 seconds or may even hang up.
A cellular phone may be instructed to change its transmitting power depending on its distance from the cell site station. The radio link will be interrupted for about 0. An effect similar to hand-off will happen. A particularly difficult cellular impairment for data communication is called multipath fading.
A cellular phone receives the cell site station's radio signal through many indirectly reflected paths. Because of the phase difference of each signal path, there is an interference pattern that, depending on location, means the received signal combination may be strong, weak or totally vanished. A moving cellular phone will experience a periodical signal drop and this is called multipath fading. Fading will cause data error because the carrier is lost. It will also interfere with a modem's adaptive operation and affect the modem's data that is received later.
The analog cellular phone system was designed for voice communications. It employs companding concatenated from compressing and expanding; a special data-saving method and pre-emphasis which are good for voice, but not suited for a modem signal. A modem signal, if too strong, may saturate the cellular link and cause distortion.
A modem signal power that is too weak will result in lower signal-to-noise ratio at the receiving end. There is an optimum transmitting power in cellular data communications but it is different in each case. Most modems claiming cellular compatibility today lack most of this capability.
Link layer protocol like MNP10 responds slowly to a fast changing cellular line condition. Most importantly, it does not do anything to enhance modem data pump performance or physical communication robustness. It does little to help conquer cellular impairments. A summary of these technologies includes: FRS: Fast Re-Synchronization of the modem after cell hand-off and power level change.
DCSS: Dynamic Cellular Speed Selection to dynamically select the best operating speed and mode in order to minimize error and maximize throughput. It ensures reliable connection set-up even in very noisy line conditions. It also ensures reliable V. Other modems may retry many times to make a successful handshake. It will also connect with another V.
The actual speed depends on the line condition. The modem will automatically fall-back or fall-forward within its speed range. CELL T uses a trellis coded modulation at bps speed. It has a better performance than the uncoded V. CELL C uses forward error correction to get a low error rate at bps net link speed. Forward error correction mode is used when there is a high number of errors. The modem will automatically and dynamically select the best speed and mode to operate DCSS. Selecting one of the above cellular modes only limits the maximum speed at which the modem will operate.
It automatically chooses and adjusts to the best operating speed and mode under the maximum speed. The multi-auto mode will automatically adapt to the other side's capability and request and connect at the appropriate mode.
If both sides have cellular mode capability and at least one side is using a cellular phone, using multi-auto to make or answer a data call will result in cellular mode connection.
Multi-auto is the default mode. It can also be used on other bad line conditions such as a line with frequent impulse noise. Cellular mode is more noise resistant, impairment resistant, and error resistant. It is simple to use the cellular modes.
Everything is determined automatically by the modem. The user only needs to set S-register S49 bit 7 and leave the modem on multi-auto. The modem takes care of all others.
S49b7 is to tell the modem where the modem is installed. When a ZyCellular modem calls or answers another modem, it will indicate its cellular capability and whether it is using a cellular phone.
If both sides have the ZyCellular capability and at least one side is using the cellular phone, the connection will automatically be a cellular mode connection such as it would be if it were using CELL mode. If one side is a regular modem, the connection will automatically be a regular modem mode. The default is enabled. There is no standard on the signal and connector type a cellular phone should use or provide. Every cellular phone maker has their own design.
There isn't a standard way to connect a modem to different brand of cellular phone. Some vendors have made a specific adapter for each different model of cellular phone to convert a specific cellular phone's available outside interface to a normal telephone company's 2-wire phone interface that is available in homes and offices.
A cellular modem can connect to a cellular phone through such an adapter. Assume using a cellular phone data interface adapter, the following figures illustrate three installation examples.
Fig is an example of a mobile phone that has a handset cradle and separate transceiver and handset. You must connect the modem to a computer, usually a PC, in order to use this fax function. The interface between the modem and the computer is the normal RS serial connection. It uses the same interface for both data and fax applications.
In fax operation, the modem does the function of protocol handshaking and image data transfer, and the computer does the job of image data creation, capturing, conversion, compression, decompression, retrieving, and storing. On the disk a fax program for PCs is always included. The documentation for this program can be found in a file on the disk.
Please refer to that documentation for the latest developments. Some distributors and dealers also include other software with the modem. Refer to the accompanying documentation - printed or on disk. Please refer to the updated document disk file for software usage instructions. The U series modem takes full control of this protocol, initiates and terminates fax calls, manages the communication session, and transports the image data. The modem shields the computer fax software from the T.
Along with T. When connecting to an existing non-V. When connecting to a higher speed and better performance V. It will fall back to , , or bps if the line quality is not good enough.
We will briefly describe the supported Class 2 commands here. Please refer to the EIA document for detailed explanation. In many cases this means "don't care". See PN for command details. For example, the polling security ID. The computer controls the modem through a set of extended fax AT commands and the modem responds with a set of status report result codes. During data state, compressed fax image data is flowing between the modem and computer. The default serial connection speed is bps and it is higher than the fax link rate.
The modem accepts the extended fax AT commands to set modem mode and fax parameters. Besides the extended fax AT commands, the modem accepts all the other AT commands described in Chapter 8. B0 Set fax receiving mode. The connection parameters and received fax data are sent to DTE continuously following the connect message. Note that the direction of the best reception may change if you switch local cellular providers. Also, the directional Yagi antenna has a considerable front- and backlobe which can affect the GPS signal reception if the Yagi antenna is pointed towards 0 deg or away from deg the GPS antenna.
Longer waiting time for carrier S7 and longer duration after loss of carrier S10 before hanging up may increase the chances for a successful connection. The cellular remote modem transmit power can be adjusted for maximum reception. But an increased power level can saturate the modem and make it more difficult to make a connection.
If repeated calls are being made, allow the modem to disconnect the previous call and reset itself before another attempt is made; or, a separate command should be sent to the local modem to bring the DTR line low if the originating software program does not perform this automatically.
This is important when using an automated script to download the receivers. Toggle navigation. Knowledge Base. Troubleshooting tips: Make sure that the local cellular provider at the remote site is not performing any activities or operations such as multiplexing or data compression that will impact the connectivity and data throughput. This article has been viewed times. Filed Under: Zyxel. Attached Files. Security Code. Post Comment. Related Articles.
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